Programming challenges are tasks or problems designed to test and improve coding skills. They often require participants to write algorithms or develop solutions using specific programming languages like Python, Java, or C++. These challenges can vary in difficulty, catering to beginners as well as experienced programmers. Many platforms, such as LeetCode, HackerRank, and Codewars, host these challenges, allowing users to practice and compete with others. Completing programming challenges can enhance problem-solving abilities, boost confidence, and prepare individuals for technical interviews in the software development industry.