Portuguese literature encompasses the body of written works produced in the Portuguese language, primarily from Portugal and Brazil. It has a rich history that dates back to the medieval period, with notable early works like the Cantigas de Santa Maria. The literature reflects the cultural and historical contexts of the Portuguese-speaking world, exploring themes of identity, exploration, and social issues. Key figures in Portuguese literature include Fernando Pessoa, known for his modernist poetry, and Eça de Queirós, celebrated for his novels that critique society. The literature has evolved over centuries, incorporating various styles and influences, making it a vibrant and diverse field of study.