Pigmentation disorders are conditions that affect the color of the skin, hair, and eyes. These disorders occur when the body produces too much or too little of a pigment called melanin. Common types include vitiligo, where patches of skin lose their color, and hyperpigmentation, which causes dark spots to form. These changes can be caused by genetics, sun exposure, or certain medical conditions. People with pigmentation disorders may experience emotional and social challenges due to their appearance. Treatments vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder, ranging from topical creams to laser therapy. It's important for individuals to consult a dermatologist for proper diagnosis and management.