Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's surface, primarily composed of hydrocarbons. It is a crucial energy resource used for fuel, heating, and the production of various chemicals. The extraction and refinement of petroleum have significant economic implications worldwide. The process of refining petroleum transforms crude oil into usable products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Additionally, petroleum is a key ingredient in the production of plastics and other synthetic materials, making it an essential component of modern life and industry.