Peripheral components are devices that connect to a computer to enhance its functionality. These include items like printers, scanners, keyboards, and mice. They allow users to input data, output information, or interact with the computer in various ways. These components can be categorized into input devices, which help users enter data, and output devices, which display or produce results. For example, a monitor is an output device that shows visual information, while a microphone is an input device that captures audio. Together, peripheral components create a more versatile computing experience.