Patch antennas are a type of radio antenna characterized by their flat, rectangular shape. They are typically made from a thin layer of conductive material, such as copper, mounted on a dielectric substrate. These antennas are popular for their low profile and lightweight design, making them suitable for various applications, including mobile devices and satellite communications. The operation of patch antennas is based on the principle of electromagnetic radiation. When an electrical signal is applied, the antenna radiates energy in the form of radio waves. Their compact size and ease of integration into electronic devices contribute to their widespread use in modern wireless communication systems.