Pancreatic beta cells are specialized cells located in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas. Their primary function is to produce and secrete insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. When blood glucose levels rise, such as after eating, beta cells release insulin to help cells absorb glucose for energy or store it for later use. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining metabolic balance. Dysfunction or destruction of pancreatic beta cells can lead to conditions like type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes, where the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use it, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels.