Optimization Theory is a branch of mathematics and applied sciences focused on finding the best solution from a set of possible choices. It involves maximizing or minimizing a particular function, subject to certain constraints. This theory is widely used in various fields, including economics, engineering, and operations research, to improve efficiency and decision-making. The core components of optimization include the objective function, which represents the goal to be achieved, and the constraints that limit the feasible solutions. Techniques such as linear programming and calculus are often employed to solve optimization problems, making it a vital tool in both theoretical and practical applications.