Ocular physiology is the study of how the eye functions and processes visual information. It involves various structures, including the cornea, lens, and retina, which work together to focus light and create clear images. The retina contains photoreceptor cells, known as rods and cones, that convert light into electrical signals sent to the brain via the optic nerve. Additionally, ocular physiology examines the eye's ability to adapt to different lighting conditions and distances. The pupil regulates the amount of light entering the eye, while the ciliary muscle adjusts the shape of the lens for focusing. Understanding these processes is essential for diagnosing and treating vision-related disorders.