An observational study is a type of research method where scientists observe and record behaviors or outcomes without intervening or manipulating any variables. This approach allows researchers to gather data in natural settings, making it useful for understanding real-world situations. For example, a study might observe the eating habits of children in a school cafeteria to identify patterns. In observational studies, researchers can categorize their observations into different types, such as cross-sectional, longitudinal, or case-control studies. These studies help identify correlations and trends, but they do not establish cause-and-effect relationships, as the researchers do not control the environment or variables involved.