Numerical properties refer to the characteristics and behaviors of numbers in mathematics. These properties help in understanding how numbers interact with each other, such as through operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Common numerical properties include the commutative property, associative property, and distributive property, which describe how numbers can be rearranged or grouped without changing the result. Additionally, numerical properties can also include even and odd classifications, prime and composite numbers, and rational versus irrational numbers. These classifications help in identifying patterns and solving mathematical problems more efficiently. Understanding these properties is essential for building a strong foundation in mathematics.