Numerical cognition refers to the mental processes involved in understanding and manipulating numbers. It encompasses how individuals perceive quantities, perform calculations, and solve mathematical problems. This cognitive ability is essential for everyday tasks, such as budgeting, measuring, and time management, and is influenced by both biological and environmental factors. Research in numerical cognition explores how humans and animals, including primates and birds, recognize and compare numbers. Studies have shown that numerical skills can develop from early childhood and are linked to brain regions responsible for processing numerical information. Understanding numerical cognition can help improve educational strategies and support those with dyscalculia, a learning disability related to math.