The Norman Kingdom refers to the territories ruled by the Normans, particularly during the 11th and 12th centuries. The most notable of these was the Kingdom of England, established after the Norman Conquest in 1066, when William the Conqueror defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The Normans were originally Scandinavian settlers who adopted French culture and language. In addition to England, the Normans also established control over parts of Italy and the Mediterranean, including the Kingdom of Sicily. Their influence extended to the Crusades, where Norman knights played significant roles. The Normans are known for their architectural innovations, including the construction of castles and cathedrals, which still stand today.