Neutral Theory is a concept in evolutionary biology that suggests most genetic variations in populations are due to random processes rather than natural selection. It posits that many alleles (gene variants) are neutral, meaning they do not significantly affect an organism's fitness. This theory helps explain the genetic diversity observed in populations, as changes can occur through genetic drift rather than adaptive evolution. The theory was proposed by Motoo Kimura in the 1960s and has influenced how scientists understand evolutionary dynamics. It contrasts with traditional views that emphasize natural selection as the primary driver of evolution, highlighting the role of chance in shaping genetic diversity.