Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the spinal cord and optic nerves. It is characterized by severe inflammation, leading to symptoms such as vision loss, weakness, and paralysis. NMO is often confused with multiple sclerosis, but it has distinct features and requires different treatment approaches. The condition is associated with the presence of specific antibodies, particularly aquaporin-4 antibodies, which target water channels in the nervous system. Diagnosis typically involves MRI scans and blood tests. Early treatment is crucial to manage symptoms and prevent further damage to the nervous system.