Neoantigens are unique proteins that arise from mutations in cancer cells. Unlike normal proteins found in healthy cells, these mutated proteins can trigger an immune response because they are recognized as foreign by the body’s immune system. This makes neoantigens important targets for cancer immunotherapy. Researchers are exploring ways to harness neoantigens to develop personalized cancer treatments. By identifying specific neoantigens present in a patient's tumor, scientists can create tailored vaccines or therapies that help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. This approach aims to improve treatment outcomes for patients with various types of cancer.