National Nuclear Programs refer to the initiatives undertaken by countries to develop and manage nuclear technology for various purposes, including energy production, medical applications, and national defense. These programs often involve research, development, and the establishment of facilities for nuclear reactors, waste management, and safety protocols. Many nations pursue nuclear programs to achieve energy independence and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. However, these programs can also raise concerns about nuclear proliferation, as some countries may seek to develop nuclear weapons capabilities under the guise of peaceful nuclear energy, leading to international scrutiny and regulatory measures from organizations like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).