Nafs al-Ammarah is an Arabic term that translates to the "commanding self" or "lower self." It refers to the part of the human psyche that incites individuals to engage in sinful or immoral behavior. This concept is often discussed in Islamic philosophy and psychology, highlighting the struggle between good and evil within a person. In Islamic teachings, the Nafs al-Ammarah is considered the lowest level of the soul, which can lead to negative actions if not controlled. It contrasts with higher levels of the soul, such as Nafs al-Lawwamah (the self-reproaching soul) and Nafs al-Mutma'innah (the tranquil soul), which encourage self-reflection and moral behavior.