Musical tuning refers to the process of adjusting the pitch of musical instruments to achieve a desired sound quality. Different tuning systems, such as equal temperament and just intonation, determine how notes relate to each other in terms of frequency. This ensures that music sounds harmonious and pleasing when played together. In Western music, the standard pitch for tuning is often set to A440, where the note A above middle C vibrates at 440 Hz. Musicians use various tools, like tuning forks or electronic tuners, to help them achieve accurate tuning, which is essential for ensemble performances and overall musical coherence.