Modern thought refers to the intellectual movements and ideas that emerged primarily from the late 19th century to the present. It encompasses various disciplines, including philosophy, science, and social theory, reflecting a shift towards individualism, rationalism, and empirical evidence. Key figures in this movement include Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, and Albert Einstein, who challenged traditional beliefs and introduced new ways of understanding human existence and the universe. This era also saw the rise of modernism, which emphasized innovation in art and literature, breaking away from classical forms. Additionally, modern thought has influenced contemporary issues such as postmodernism, feminism, and environmentalism, shaping discussions around identity, culture, and ethics in today's society.