Modal analysis is a technique used in engineering and physics to study the dynamic characteristics of structures and mechanical systems. It identifies the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios of a system, which are essential for understanding how it will respond to vibrations and external forces. This analysis helps in designing structures that can withstand dynamic loads, such as earthquakes or wind. The process typically involves creating a mathematical model of the system, often using software tools like Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Engineers then conduct experiments or simulations to validate the model, ensuring that the structure performs safely and effectively under various conditions.