Microbial metabolism refers to the biochemical processes that occur within microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, to convert nutrients into energy and cellular components. These processes can be categorized into two main types: catabolism, which breaks down organic matter to release energy, and anabolism, which uses that energy to build cellular structures and molecules. Microorganisms can utilize various substrates for metabolism, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Depending on their environment, they may employ different metabolic pathways, such as aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen, or anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of oxygen. This versatility allows microbes to thrive in diverse habitats.