Microbial decomposition is the process by which microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, break down organic matter, like dead plants and animals. This natural process recycles nutrients back into the ecosystem, making them available for new growth. Microbial activity is essential for soil health and fertility, as it helps maintain the balance of nutrients. During decomposition, microorganisms consume organic materials, releasing carbon dioxide and other byproducts. This process occurs in various environments, including forests, grasslands, and aquatic systems. Factors like temperature, moisture, and the type of organic matter influence the rate of microbial decomposition, affecting overall ecosystem dynamics.