Merchant shipping refers to the transportation of goods and passengers by sea using commercial vessels. These ships are operated by private companies and are essential for international trade, carrying a wide range of products, from raw materials to finished goods. The merchant fleet includes various types of vessels, such as container ships, bulk carriers, and tankers, each designed for specific cargo types. The industry is regulated by international laws and conventions, ensuring safety, environmental protection, and fair labor practices. Organizations like the International Maritime Organization (IMO) set standards for shipping operations, while countries enforce regulations through their own maritime authorities.