A memory dump is a process where the contents of a computer's memory (RAM) are captured and saved to a file. This file can be used for analysis, troubleshooting, or debugging purposes. Memory dumps are often created when a system crashes or encounters a serious error, allowing developers to examine the state of the system at that moment. There are different types of memory dumps, including full dumps, which capture all memory contents, and mini dumps, which capture only essential information. Tools like Windows Debugger or gdb for Linux can be used to analyze these dumps, helping to identify the cause of issues and improve system stability.