The Medieval period, also known as the Middle Ages, lasted from the 5th to the late 15th century. It followed the fall of the Roman Empire and was characterized by feudalism, where society was structured around land ownership and service. Important developments included the rise of the Catholic Church, the establishment of knighthood, and the construction of castles. The Renaissance, beginning in the 14th century, marked a revival of interest in art, science, and classical learning. Originating in Italy, it spread across Europe, leading to significant advancements in various fields. Key figures included artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, and thinkers such as Galileo and Machiavelli, who influenced modern thought and culture.