Medieval technology refers to the tools and innovations developed during the Middle Ages, roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century. Key advancements included the use of the plow for agriculture, which improved farming efficiency, and the windmill and watermill for grinding grain. These technologies helped support growing populations and contributed to the rise of towns.
Another significant development was in military technology, such as the crossbow and catapult, which changed warfare strategies. The invention of the printing press in the late medieval period also revolutionized the spread of knowledge, making books more accessible and promoting literacy across Europe.