Medieval engineering refers to the techniques and innovations developed during the Middle Ages, roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century. This period saw the construction of impressive structures like castles, cathedrals, and bridges, utilizing materials such as stone, wood, and metal. Engineers of the time employed simple machines, including levers and pulleys, to aid in construction and transportation. Key advancements included the development of the arch and vault, which allowed for larger and more stable buildings. The use of watermills and windmills for grinding grain and other tasks also exemplified the practical applications of engineering in everyday life.