Mathematical symbols are special characters used to represent numbers, operations, relationships, and functions in mathematics. Common symbols include + for addition, − for subtraction, × for multiplication, and ÷ for division. These symbols help simplify complex mathematical expressions and make it easier to communicate mathematical ideas. In addition to basic operations, there are symbols for equality, such as =, and inequalities, like < and >. Other symbols represent specific concepts, such as π for the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, and √ for square roots. Understanding these symbols is essential for studying and solving mathematical problems.