Mathematical cognition refers to the mental processes involved in understanding, learning, and applying mathematical concepts. It encompasses various skills, such as counting, problem-solving, and reasoning, which are essential for everyday tasks and advanced studies. Researchers in this field explore how individuals, from children to adults, develop these skills and how they can be improved. This area of study often intersects with psychology, neuroscience, and education. For instance, understanding how the brain processes numbers can inform teaching methods, helping educators like John Dewey create more effective learning environments. Overall, mathematical cognition is crucial for both academic success and practical decision-making.