Martin-Löf Type Theory is a foundational system for mathematics and computer science that combines logic and computation. Developed by Per Martin-Löf in the 1970s, it provides a framework where types can represent both mathematical objects and propositions, allowing for a constructive approach to proofs. In this theory, every term has a type, and types can be used to ensure the correctness of programs. It emphasizes the idea that proving a statement is equivalent to constructing an example, making it a powerful tool for both formal verification and programming language design.