The term "Maritime Republics" refers to a group of powerful city-states in Italy during the Middle Ages, particularly from the 9th to the 15th centuries. These republics, including Venice, Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi, thrived on trade and naval power, establishing extensive commercial networks across the Mediterranean Sea. Each Maritime Republic developed its own government and laws, often led by a doge or a council. They played a crucial role in maritime trade, connecting Europe with the East and facilitating the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas during a time of significant economic growth and exploration.