Mandatory minimum sentences are laws that set fixed minimum penalties for specific crimes, meaning judges must impose at least that minimum sentence regardless of the circumstances. These laws are often applied to serious offenses, such as drug trafficking or violent crimes, to ensure consistent punishment across similar cases. Critics argue that mandatory minimum sentences can lead to unjust outcomes, as they limit a judge's ability to consider individual circumstances, such as a defendant's background or intent. Supporters believe these laws deter crime and promote fairness by ensuring that offenders receive a baseline level of punishment for their actions.