Madhyamaka is a philosophical school of thought in Buddhism founded by the Indian philosopher Nagarjuna in the 2nd century CE. It emphasizes the concept of "emptiness" (śūnyatā), arguing that all phenomena lack inherent existence. This means that things do not possess an independent, unchanging essence but are instead interdependent and contingent upon various causes and conditions. The Madhyamaka approach seeks to navigate the extremes of existence and non-existence, promoting a middle way that avoids both nihilism and eternalism. By understanding the nature of reality as empty, practitioners aim to reduce attachment and suffering, ultimately leading to enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of rebirth.