Low-level programming refers to coding that is closely related to a computer's hardware. It involves languages like Assembly and C, which allow programmers to write instructions that the computer can execute directly. This type of programming gives developers fine control over system resources, making it ideal for tasks that require high performance, such as operating systems and embedded systems. Unlike high-level programming languages, which are more abstract and user-friendly, low-level programming requires a deeper understanding of how computers work. It often involves managing memory and hardware directly, which can be challenging but rewarding for those who want to optimize their software for speed and efficiency.