LiNbO3, or lithium niobate, is a crystalline material known for its unique optical and electrical properties. It is widely used in various applications, including telecommunications, where it serves as a substrate for waveguides and modulators. Its ability to manipulate light makes it essential in devices like optical switches and frequency converters. In addition to its optical uses, LiNbO3 is also important in the field of piezoelectric devices, which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. This property makes it valuable in sensors and actuators. Overall, LiNbO3 plays a crucial role in modern technology, particularly in photonics and electronics.