Lattice problems involve mathematical structures known as lattices, which are grids of points in multi-dimensional space. These problems often focus on finding the shortest vector or the closest point to a given target within the lattice. They are significant in fields like cryptography, where the security of certain encryption methods relies on the difficulty of solving these problems. One common example is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP), where the goal is to identify the shortest non-zero vector in a lattice. Lattice problems are considered hard to solve, making them useful for creating secure cryptographic systems that can withstand attacks from powerful computers, including potential future quantum computers.