King Alfonso X of Castile, also known as Alfonso the Wise, ruled from 1252 to 1284. He was a significant figure in medieval Spain, known for his efforts to promote culture, science, and law. Alfonso established the Alfonsine Tables, which were astronomical tables that helped improve navigation and understanding of the stars. In addition to his contributions to science, Alfonso X was a patron of literature and the arts. He commissioned the Cantigas de Santa Maria, a collection of songs dedicated to the Virgin Mary, showcasing the rich cultural heritage of his time. His reign marked a period of intellectual growth in the Kingdom of Castile.