Javanese history is rich and complex, beginning with the early kingdoms such as Mataram and Majapahit that flourished between the 8th and 15th centuries. These kingdoms were known for their advancements in art, culture, and trade, significantly influencing the region's development. The spread of Islam in the 15th century marked a pivotal change, leading to the establishment of several Islamic sultanates. During the colonial period, Java became a focal point for the Dutch East India Company and later the Dutch colonial government. The island played a crucial role in the struggle for Indonesian independence, culminating in the declaration of independence in 1945. Today, Java remains a cultural and economic center in Indonesia.