The Italian Wars (1494-1559) were a series of conflicts involving various European powers, primarily fought over control of the Italian Peninsula. Key players included the Kingdom of France, the Spanish Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and various Italian city-states. The wars were marked by shifting alliances and significant battles, impacting the political landscape of Italy. These wars began with the invasion of Italy by Charles VIII of France and continued through several phases, including the Battle of Pavia and the Sack of Rome. Ultimately, the conflicts ended with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, establishing Spanish dominance in Italy and reshaping European politics.