The term "Islamic conquests" refers to the rapid expansion of Muslim territories following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE. These conquests were primarily led by the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates, which sought to spread Islam and establish political control over vast regions, including parts of the Byzantine and Sassanian empires. The military campaigns resulted in the establishment of a vast Islamic empire that stretched from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Indian subcontinent in the east. This expansion facilitated the exchange of culture, trade, and ideas, significantly influencing the regions involved and shaping the course of history.