Ion transporters are specialized proteins found in cell membranes that help move ions, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, in and out of cells. These transporters play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ions, which is essential for various cellular functions, including nerve signaling and muscle contraction. There are two main types of ion transporters: ion channels, which allow ions to flow passively down their concentration gradient, and ion pumps, which actively transport ions against their gradient using energy. Proper functioning of these transporters is vital for overall cellular health and homeostasis.