Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) are technologies used to determine the position and orientation of a moving object without relying on external references. They utilize sensors, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes, to measure changes in velocity and rotation. By integrating these measurements over time, the system can calculate the object's current location and direction. INS are commonly used in various applications, including aircraft, submarines, and missiles. They are particularly valuable in environments where GPS signals are weak or unavailable, allowing for accurate navigation in challenging conditions.