Industrial melanism is a phenomenon where darker-colored individuals of a species become more common in polluted environments. This change often occurs in species like the peppered moth, which evolved from a lighter color to a darker one during the Industrial Revolution in England. The darker coloration provides better camouflage against predators in soot-darkened habitats. The process is driven by natural selection, where individuals with traits that enhance survival and reproduction are favored. As pollution increased, lighter moths became more visible to predators, while darker moths thrived. This adaptation illustrates how environmental changes can influence the evolution of species over time.