The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve, primarily responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue. It plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and other functions that require precise tongue movements. The nerve originates in the brainstem and extends to the muscles of the tongue, allowing for coordinated actions. Damage to the hypoglossal nerve can lead to difficulties in speech and swallowing, as well as weakness or atrophy of the tongue muscles. Conditions affecting this nerve may include stroke, tumors, or neurological disorders, which can impact a person's ability to communicate effectively and eat safely.