The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) is a U.S. law enacted in 1975 that requires financial institutions to collect and report data about mortgage applications. This information helps to ensure transparency in lending practices and allows regulators to monitor for discrimination and fair lending practices. Under the HMDA, lenders must disclose details such as the race, ethnicity, and income of applicants, as well as the types of loans they receive. This data is used by government agencies, such as the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), to assess whether lenders are serving the housing needs of their communities fairly.