Hardware vulnerabilities refer to weaknesses in physical components of computers and devices that can be exploited by attackers. These vulnerabilities can arise from design flaws, manufacturing defects, or outdated technology, allowing unauthorized access or control over the system. Examples include issues found in processors like Meltdown and Spectre, which can leak sensitive data. Addressing hardware vulnerabilities often requires firmware updates or hardware replacements, which can be costly and time-consuming. Manufacturers and developers must continuously monitor and improve their products to protect against potential threats, ensuring that users' data and privacy remain secure in an increasingly digital world.