Hardware controls refer to physical devices or components that allow users to interact with and manage electronic systems. These controls can include buttons, switches, knobs, and sliders, which provide a tactile way to operate machines or devices. For example, the volume knob on a stereo system is a hardware control that adjusts sound levels. In addition to basic functions, hardware controls can also enhance user experience by providing immediate feedback. For instance, game controllers feature buttons and joysticks that enable precise movements in video games. Overall, hardware controls are essential for effective and intuitive operation of various electronic devices.