Graphs are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relationships between objects. They consist of vertices (or nodes) connected by edges, which can be directed or undirected. Graphs are widely used in various fields, including computer science, biology, and social sciences, to represent networks such as social networks, transportation systems, and more. In graph theory, the study of graphs involves understanding their properties and the relationships between them. Concepts such as connectivity, paths, and cycles are fundamental in analyzing graphs. Applications of graphs include algorithms for searching and optimizing routes, making them essential in both theoretical and practical contexts.