The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a historical state in central Italy that existed from 1569 to 1859. It was established when the Medici family, who ruled Florence, were elevated to grand dukes. The region included important cities like Florence, Pisa, and Siena, and it played a significant role in the Renaissance, fostering art and culture. The grand duchy was known for its economic prosperity, driven by agriculture, trade, and banking. It was also a center for scientific advancements, with figures like Galileo Galilei contributing to its legacy. The grand duchy was eventually annexed by the Kingdom of Italy in 1860.